Roofing Contractor Service Near Me Evans Ga for Dummies

7 Easy Facts About Posey Home Improvements, Inc. Roofing Contractor Company Near Me Evans Ga Explained


Indiana does not need professional roofer to hold a state certificate; nonetheless, there may be local needs so make certain to check these prior to you begin work. All building and construction professionals who gain greater than $2,000 each year are required to be signed up with the Iowa Division of Labor if they work in the state.


Professional roofer do not require a state certificate, unless you're dealing with asbestos. While there is no state certificate for roofing contractors in Kansas, you must hold a professional roofer enrollment certification provided by the Kansas Chief Law Officer in order to do function on either household or commercial tasks in the state.


There are no state roof covering permit needs for professional roofer in Kentucky; nonetheless, you may choose to be certified with the Kentucky Roof Professionals Organization (KRCA). Roofer in Louisiana call for a state permit for any type of building construction job worth greater than $75,000 or home improvement or fixing job worth even more than $7,500.




Posey Home Improvements, Inc. Roofing Contractor Service Near Me Evans Ga Fundamentals Explained


To apply for the license you'll need to show two years of job experience as well as pass the test. You'll likewise need to reveal proof of insurance coverage to abide with state roof permit demands.




Roofing Contractor Company Evans GaRoofing Contractor Company Near Me Evans Ga

 



This is the Building And Construction Manager Permit; however, if you service existing frameworks, you will additionally need a state registration. There is no test for the Home Renovation Registration, yet there is for the Building Supervisor's Permit. You'll require to pass the test and reveal three years of job experience to be qualified for the permit and will require to obtain either a Limited Permit (one and also two-family houses) or an Unrestricted Certificate (frameworks approximately 35,000 cubic feet).




Posey Home Improvements, Inc. Roofing Contractor Company Near Me Evans GaRoofing Contractor Service Evans Ga
Missouri does not need a state permit for roof professionals; however, there may be roof covering certificate demands at a local level. Roofer are not required to hold a state license in Montana; however, they as well as all various other building and construction service providers and subcontractors with workers have to register with the Division of Labor as well as Industry.




The Only Guide to Posey Home Improvements, Inc.


Roofing contractors, in addition to all other basic service providers and sub-contractors in Nebraska that carry out building or repair, are called for to register with the Nebraska Division of Labor. There are no state roof licensing needs. Professional roofer in Nevada need a C-15a Roofer License released by the State Professionals Board.


Education may be made use of to replacement for some years of experience. You'll require to reveal your financial resources, get a bond and show proof of employees' compensation insurance. You'll after that be authorized to take the profession and also service and also regulation examinations. Roofer do not call why not try these out for a state permit to function in New Hampshire, unless they work with asbestos.


Since March 2018, you no more need a building and construction authorization for roof covering work on one- and two-family homes. Roofer in New Mexico autumn under the category of Construction Contractors as well as call for a state permit to function. You'll call for 2 years of experience to be approved to take the examination as well as you need to pass the trade exam, in addition to the service and regulation examination.




How Posey Home Improvements, Inc. Evans Ga can Save You Time, Stress, and Money.


You will not require a state certificate to work as a roofer in New york city; nevertheless, there are local licensing needs. Make certain to check the neighborhood laws before you start work. To work as a professional roofer in North Carolina, you'll need a state permit for any tasks worth $30,000 or more.


You will not require a state permit to work as a roof professional in Ohio; nonetheless, there may be roof covering certificate regulations at the neighborhood level which you'll need to examine prior to you can begin job. Professional roofer do not require a state permit to operate in Oklahoma, but do need a Professional roofer Registration.


Roofing specialists in Oregon require a state certificate to function in Oregon. There are no state license demands for roof specialists in Pennsylvania; nonetheless, you may need to conform with regional licensing demands prior to you start job.




The 9-Second Trick For Roofing Contractor Service Evans Ga


The permit is provided by the State of Rhode Island Specialists' Registration and Licensing Board. To be accredited, you'll require to pass an examination as well as complete 10 hrs of like this continuing roofing education and learning each year. You'll likewise need to show proof of insurance coverage and be adhered. All other professionals must be signed up with the board.




To become signed up, you have to send references and a surety bond if your job will certainly deserve greater than $5,000. Professional roofer do not need a state certificate to function in South Dakota. There may be licensing demands at the neighborhood degree so make certain to inspect these prior to you begin work.


You have to pass a trade test, as well as mastercraft home improvement a business as well as regulation examination. Roof professionals are not required to hold a state permit in Texas; however, there is a voluntary licensing process via the Roof covering Contractors Organization if you are interested.




How Posey Home Improvements, Inc. can Save You Time, Stress, and Money.


You will not need a state certificate to function as a professional roofer in Ohio; nevertheless, there might be roof license laws at the local level which you'll need to check prior to you can begin work. Roof professionals do not require a state permit to operate in Oklahoma, however do need a Roofer Registration.


Roofing professionals in Oregon need a state certificate to function in Oregon. There are no state certificate requirements for roofing contractors in Pennsylvania; nonetheless, you might need to comply with neighborhood licensing requirements before you start work.


To be certified, you'll need to pass an examination and also total 10 hours of proceeding roofing education per year. You'll also require to show evidence of insurance policy and be bonded.




The Ultimate Guide To Roofing Contractor Service Evans Ga


To end up being signed up, you must send referrals and a surety bond if your job will certainly be worth greater than $5,000. Roof covering professionals do not require a state permit to operate in South Dakota. There may be licensing needs at the neighborhood level so make certain to check these prior to you begin work.


You should pass a profession examination, as well as a service as well as legislation examination. Roof covering contractors are not called for to hold a state certificate in Texas; nonetheless, there is a volunteer licensing procedure through the Roofing Specialists Association if you are interested.

 

Some Of Roofing Services

Some Ideas on Roof Refair You Should Know

 

You won't need to fret about it anymore when it comes to your roofing with these (Roofers). Do you require the aid of an expert roof covering professional? If of course, you can never ever fail in JI Roof and also Home Siding LLC. We are just one of the trusted roof firms in Manitowoc, WI.

 

 

 

Roof RefairRoof Refair
Locating dependable roofing professionals for your task is hard adequate with the variety of specialists offering their solutions, but add storm chasers to the equation as well as it can be nearly difficult to pick. Their attractive low quotes as well as pledges of rapid solution can sometimes seem irresistible however you are better off choosing a regional roofer.


Furthermore, regional roofing professionals possibly have the referrals that storm chasers do not, so you are much less most likely to fall for a bad deal if you limit your choices to neighborhood businesses. With the function your roof covering plays in your home's security, it is necessary for it to be flawless. Building regulations, nonetheless, vary from place to location.


In addition, neighborhood companies are most likely to provide the domestic roofing solutions you require, as they are already acquainted with what is and what isn't admitted your area. Employing a specialist that understands about the weather condition your location usually experiences suggests you can have a material that performs particularly for the problems in your area.

 

 

 

Roofing Services - Truths


Among the main drawbacks of working with out of state is that the service provider might not be about to aid you after your job's completion. Local roofing professionals, on the various other hand, are quickly accessible. Considering that you reside in the exact same location, they can easily react to your needs. Count On Realm Specialists for all your roofing needs.


To find out more concerning our services, call us today at (513) 409-0880. You can additionally obtain a cost-free price quote. We serve Cincinnati and also the bordering areas. Gutter cleaning is just one of those residence upkeep tasks that no one wants to do, yet it requires to be d. If you wish to safeguard your home from the elements, you will not only be needing an excellent roof covering however durab ...


A ... Seamless gutters direct water far from your residence to avoid water as well as structural damages on your house's exte ... Upgrading your home siding can transform your home's look and make it stick out from the rest of t. Solid winds are a leading root cause of roof covering problems. Wind damages assessment starts at the ground-leve ...


When it involves renovating, fixings, or beginning fresh, hiring a group of proficient roof professionals will certainly ensure the very best result for you as well as your industrial property. Roofs are a vital part of your residential or commercial property and also its framework (Roofing services). Lots of people that we learn through are commonly discover this newcomers into the globe of roof covering and roofing repairs since they haven't had to manage roofing issues prior to.




Small blunders can trigger points like leaks, which can then bring about concerns such as mold and mildew or permanent damages. By hiring a group of professionals right from the beginning, you can be assured that your new roof or roofing repair work will certainly be done correctly, aiding to prevent problems in the future also.


Building regulations can be made complex to learn, as well as the last thing you want for your business building before you open is to have building ordinance violations. These developing code offenses are very difficult and include many additional actions onto a job, because the workers might have to backtrack or repair whatever the offense was.


They wind up spending even more money to repair everything than if they would have simply worked with a specialist to utilize the appropriate products for them. Your professional will certainly know exactly what's best for you and your commercial property, and particularly exactly how to get you there. When it pertains to your business property, points require to be done appropriately and also they require to be done on timetable.

 

 

 

The Of Roof Refair


Building on a residential property can in some cases be demanding to an entrepreneur however working with a team of specialist roofing contractors will certainly relieve the procedure and stress for you (Roof Refair). In some cases attempting to fix your roofing system on your own and even employing an unqualified handyman causes a lot more problems than you began with. When you hire a skilled and also licensed specialist, they will certainly do the job efficiently, just the means you want it.


Opportunities of mistakes are slim to none, letting you feel a lot more confident in your choice. When it comes to roofing, there are no shortcuts. On the whole, the benefits of hiring a business professional roofer versus attempting to do it on your own are much greater. Working with a skilled contractor makes sure that the quality of work is high and that it is done right the very first time.


The initial point you need to recognize is that roof covering is not a straightforward job, and also it asks for specialists so regarding make sure high quality. Top 10 Best Roofers Colorado Springs. The cost included with the task can easily go out of hand when done by an amateur or a DIYer who has no proper understanding of what they are doing.


Specialist roofers have a complete expertise of the construction and setup of roofings, which is their work. You will not discover them making foolish mistakes as they know much better what to do and also just how to do it. If you slip up throughout the roofing project, you may wind up investing money on repair services, or even worse still, you may be entrusted leakages in your house which are really dangerous.

 

 

 

The Buzz on Roofing Services

 

Roofing ServicesRoofers
Lots of do-it-yourselfers are not furnished with specialist tools or devices that are required to handle the parts efficiently and also safely therefore they can finish up resulting in even more damage than excellent being done throughout the job - Total Roofing & Restoration. You will discover DIYers utilizing their personal devices which may be unsuitable for a particular job or even worse really reduced quality.
 

Excitement About Roof Replacement

All about Roof Replacement Cost

 

It's time to obtain a new roofing, as well as you're not certain where to start, or even that to call. Should you get in touch with a roofer, a basic specialist, or a roof covering specialist?


A contractor is merely an individual that deals with roofing systems. He or she may be a person that only repair work roof coverings or a person who is additionally with the ability of mounting new roofing systems, however that's the totality of what he or she does. Roofing professionals frequently function as crew-members for roofing professionals. A roofing professional is accountable for detaching shingles, checking the sheathing, repairing/replacing the decking when required, and also setting up the new roof products.

 

 

 

Roof Replacement CompanyRoof Replacement Service
A roofing contractor is not typically a registered home-improvement contractor as needed by the state of New Jersey. Rather, a roofing professional works under the registration of the roofer for whom she or he functions (roof replacement cost). As a result of this, he or she is unable to operate as a separate entity. She or he is not involved in the design or preparation processes connected with your brand-new roofing, nor is he or she included in the monetary aspects of a roof covering task.

 

 

 

Roof Replacement CompanyRoof Replacement
As the name suggests, a general specialist is an entity that may be associated with several elements of the building and construction business in residential, industrial, and also industrial settings. A domestic basic specialist concentrates his/her company on all elements of single- and multi-family home construction, including restoration and also new-construction jobs.

 

 

 

Roof Replacement Cost Can Be Fun For Everyone


A general contractor is a registered home-improvement contractor with the state of NJ who helps with the entire building procedure and works as the primary get in touch with for home owners. Furthermore, he or she employs, manages, and works as the factor of contact for all subcontractors, such as pipes contractors, heating and cooling service providers, andyep, you presumed itroofing professionals.


Why? Because while they understand a lot regarding a lot, they typically aren't specialists in any kind of one location of building. When you're employing somebody to deal with something as vital as click the point that safeguards your entire homeand all individuals in it!it's essential that you employ somebody with lots of competence and also experience in roofing.


Roof service providers likewise execute the job themselves, as opposed to hand it off to subcontractors. Significantly, they're additionally signed up with the State of New Jacket to execute this kind of home-improvement work. Roof specialists ought to likewise be able to supply you with a comprehensive checklist of recommendations that validate their proficiency.


Hence, you can often have multiple sorts of work done by a solitary, seasoned firm with thorough know-how in residence exteriors. For these factors, when you require a new roofing, you ought to call a roofer to do the work. George J. Keller and Sons has actually been installing roof coverings and instilling depend on for almost 40 years.

 

 

 

5 Simple Techniques For Roof Replacement Service

 

Roof Replacement CompanyRoof Replacement Cost

 



In the roof market, there are 4 kinds of contractors. 4 Kinds of Roof covering Business Small organization roofing professionals are run by one or two individuals, with possibly a secretary as well as one or 2 crews.


With a gross profits of around $13 million a year, these business don't have much expenses or earnings margins. Consequently, they can't use a great deal of choices or negotiate reduced rates - roof replacement company. With this kind of roofer, you could function straight with the proprietor of the firm, which will aid you get a sense for the worths of the business as well as whether they can handle your task.


That suggests they won't constantly be readily available for client support calls. If the owner isn't servicing your task, there will not likely be a task manager, which implies you may need to action in and fill that role. Be prepared to watch on the task to see to it it remains on timetable and obtains done to your specifications.


You could look at this site obtain to work directly with the proprietor of the company. If the owner's on a roofing system or on a sales telephone call, he can not take your phone call.

 

 

 

Roof Replacement Estimate for Beginners


You might need to be very hands-on to obtain adequate outcomes. Full-service roofers concentrate on simply that: next page service.


No matter the kind of work, they provide a service layer on the top (roof replacement company). Therefore, they supply among the finest client experiences. Their emphasis is on making it practical to collaborate with them. You can schedule a consultation online. They supply a work site support individual that is onsite all day for your project, so you have someone that can answer your questions as well as user interface with the staff for you.




They can manage big as well as small jobs, insurance, and non-insurance. They might have several offices and larger solution locations. They focus on client solution and long-lasting partnerships.


Generally, they do one or the other, yet not both. Sales roofing professionals often tend to have a huge sales force, which means they can arrange your roofing replacement swiftly. You'll possibly be needed to listen to a formal discussion prior to you purchase. They'll likewise likely require that all decision makers be at that conference.
 

Some Known Incorrect Statements About Best Marriage Counseling Near Me

Some Known Details About Premarital Counseling Near Me

 

A marital relationship therapist isn't there to tell you what to do, as well as they won't tell you to obtain a divorce. Marriage therapists are there to empower you to make your own options as well as overview you with any obstacles you satisfy along the road. If you're taking into consideration divorce, however, you can bring it up in marriage counseling.


In situations of severe mental health and wellness issues or abuse, the marriage counselor could suggest separation. They will not outright tell you to divorce a narcissist or abuser, however they will certainly aid you draw your very own conclusions concerning what is finest for your very own health and security, as well as the health and wellness of your children (https://primebizlisting.com/marriage-counselor/an-affair-of-the-heart-northampton-massachusetts/).

 

 

 

 
Couples Counselor

If you wish to seek counseling for separation particularly, you can participate in separation counseling to aid you and your partner separate peacefully. If you as well as your companion are committed to the process, you can deal with communication by working on active listening abilities along with sharing your thoughts, requirements, and also sensations in a considerate, nature.

 

 

 

Some Known Facts About Family Counselor.


An additional alternative is to discover at-home healthy partnership worksheets and also tasks online or with a company you touch with. Support system might likewise be useful for some more unique issues, such as those associated to parenting struggles. Dealing with your relationship is good despite exactly how you do it, and you as well as your partner ought to boast of taking that action.


If you have actually attempted everything you as well as your partner can do on your very own and your do it yourself marriage counseling still need some additional support and also assistance, therapy can assist, as well as there are means to browse the expense in the majority of instances. Couples therapy is highly reliable and is confirmed advantageous, and also if you discover the counselor or specialist who's right for you, it's not likely to make points even worse.


Various forms of counseling help various people, as do various pairs' therapists, so it is very important not to quit if the first professional you see isn't the most effective fit. The American Association for Marital Relationship as well as Family Members Treatment or AAMFT states that therapy can enhance emotional and also physical wellness as well as the health of interpersonal relationships as well as a person's capacity to succeed at the workplace. https://aceusbizlistings.com/marriage-counselor/an-affair-of-the-heart-northampton-massachusetts/. marriage counseling near me.

 

 

 

Some Ideas on Best Marriage Counseling Near Me You Should Know

 

 


Regardless of the name, seeing a marital relationship and family therapist (LFMT) isn't simply for couples and also family members. A single individual can also see a supplier with these qualifications for specific therapy, and actually, an LMFT might function mainly with individuals sometimes. That's why it's critical to ensure that the supplier you see is experienced in collaborating with pairs specifically; you want the pairs therapist or specialist you attend be positive in their ability to aid those in charming connections and also to have had success in doing so.

 

 

 

Premarital CounselingCouples Counselor


Lots of pairs find that marriage therapy boosts their marriage. It is possible to conserve a marriage, as well as couples counseling can help, yet it's vital that you're spent in the process.


Placing your all right into therapy appears like being at risk, opening up regarding just how you really feel, listening to how your companion really feels, as well as being ready to transform your methods or discover new skills if appropriate. As an example, if you are made use of to elevating your voice, you require to be ready to customize that habits.

 

 

 

The Facts About Marriage Counseling Near Me Revealed


If you are mosting likely to marriage therapy or couples therapy to resolve one distinct concern or decision, it might only take about 4-6 sessions, however the ordinary quantity of time spent in couples treatment is 12 sessions, which converts to about three months. In addition, some pairs remain in therapy for longer.


You can select to cease therapy or button suppliers any time. When it concerns the size of the treatment sessions themselves, therapy sessions will certainly last for regarding an hour when you go to couples treatment or marital relationship counseling - https://businesslistingheaven.com/marriage-counselor/an-affair-of-the-heart-northampton-massachusetts/. Whether you see pairs therapy face to face or collaborate with a provider with an on the internet treatment web site like Re, Gain, you and also your companion can work with a couples specialist to obtain the skills that you require to preserve a healthy and balanced partnership lasting.

 

 

 

An Affair Of The HeartMarital Counseling Near Me
If you're considering couples therapy or marriage therapy, do not be reluctant to reach out for support. Mental health carriers, such as those at Re, Gain, are below to aid. Review Much less - https://elitebizlistings.com/marriage-counselor/an-affair-of-the-heart-northampton-massachusetts/.

 

 

 

Marriage Counseling Near Me Can Be Fun For Everyone


Looking For Ways To Strengthen Your Partnership? Numerous connections, be it a married couple or a pair who has been with each other for a lengthy time, stop working.


Here are simply a couple of reasons pair's therapy can benefit you. Miscommunications can abuse a connection. Despite the fact that the 2 of you are joined at the hip, you both try this out have your method of connecting. In some cases, you might think you communicated your factor, and afterwards it transforms out that the companion didn't recognize what you meant.


You ask your companion to do the washing. You desire them to do it now, yet your partner translates that as "do the washing within the following couple of hours." When you figure out your partner hasn't done the laundry yet, you might blow up, and your partner may come to be protective, as they did mean to do it.
 

Guttering Newcastle for Dummies

The Facts About Guttering Newcastle Uncovered


However some other systems such as Ogee or Square may not fit with one more manufacture. For a complete seamless gutter compatibility chart, see here. We've done our best to assemble all suppliers, taken measurements as well as created a graph to easily match various elements from various suppliers. If you have older rain gutters, you might be concerned that you'll battle to find a substitute that fits with the rest of your system.


Simply be mindful of where your ladder is resting you don't intend to create any type of more problems with your rain gutters while you're taking care of one problem! Rated out of 5( 3) From 2. 34 Incl. VATFrom 1. 95 Excl. Barrel From 2. 48 Incl. VATFrom 2. 07 Excl. Barrel From 3. 98 Incl.


A gutter joint separation is among one of the most typical gutter issues faced by those who do not make the effort to care for and also preserve their roof covering. When rain gutters come to be clogged up, aged, shabby, or perhaps just incorrectly set up, they may start to pull away and divide from the fascia boarding or various other components of your roofing system.


A security inspection will typically produce the root cause of the joint splitting up. It may be as basic as unclogging your gutter to eliminate the added weight by pulling it away.




Some Known Incorrect Statements About Guttering Newcastle


 



 


The major function of gutters is to safeguard your house from rainwater. They help reroute the water away from your residence in an effort to stop a variety of pricey damages, such as a flooded structure or cellar, damaged paint as well as exterior siding, mold and mildew and also mold development, and also messed up landscape design. If your gutters have one or more leaks, they can't do their task.




guttering newcastleguttering newcastle
As a result, it is essential to perform routine checkups to see if there are any type of consistent drips or streams of water originating from them. As well as in the chance you do discover a seamless gutter leak, here's how to fix it. Much like any kind of other issue, the primary step to repairing a gutter leakage is to establish the source of it (guttering newcastle).


Whether a tree branch drops on them or the paint drops off and also causes them to rust, your rain gutters can establish a variety of fractures as well as holes. One of one of the most typical sources of leaking seamless gutters is obstructions. When your seamless gutters accumulate leaves, branches, particles, as well as also pet remains, all those things accumulate to develop a damp mass that blocks water.


Typically, your seamless gutters are connected to your house's fascia boards making use of some kind of fastener. Whether it be a nail, screw, or another thing, those bolts can loosen up, causing tiny leakages establishing around the bolt as well as water putting out onto the fascia. If you have sectional seamless gutters, the seams and also joints attaching each area have a tendency to put on down as well as separate with time, at some point triggering a leak.




Things about Guttering Newcastle


In other cases, the separation will certainly be so tiny that you can only notice it after water is gathered. Once you've identified the root cause of the leakage, you can find out the very best means to fix your rain gutters. Fortunately, the options per of the problems above are fairly basic.


Allow's speak about the difference between sectional as well as smooth rain gutters, as well as which one can assist you prevent the most leakages. Sectional rain gutters are assembled as YOURURL.com well as attached in multiple different pieces to form one complete seamless gutter system. That means, if one section of seamless gutter is harmed, it's simple to repair because simply that area needs to be fixed or replaced.


The areas in between each component can conveniently be broadened, causing damage as well as leaks. While they're an economical option, the consistent interest they require can be overwhelming for several homeowners. Smooth rain gutters are made from one solid, continuous item of product. They're normally delivered on a roll to your homesite, then shaped according to your specialist's guidelines during installation.


In addition to their leak-free residential or commercial properties, seamless gutters likewise often tend to be extra sturdy and also appealing than sectional rain gutters. Their personalized setup is verified to fit the needs of your house and also stand solid for many years. And also with a variety of seamless gutter materials to pick from (light weight aluminum, galvanized steel, stainless, steel, copper, zinc), you have the ability to select the one that ideal suits your residence's visual.




Our Guttering Newcastle Diaries


Contact Werner Roofing to furnish your residence with a personalized smooth gutter system and bid farewell to the consistent maintenance and also frustration of dripping sectional gutters.




 



Adapt Roofing - Newcastle
Newcastle
+61448709423

 


Don't be caught with water damage since you avoided this basic fix. Seamless gutter problems left unrepaired can trigger significant problems to your house, so understanding what the indications of a gutter leakage resemble means you can catch it as early as possible to prevent additional damage (and additional prices).


A broken seamless gutter can not only leakage water, but catch debris that's trying to flow through causing a seamless gutter back up. Water leaking down the edges of your basement. Your seamless gutters are intended to drive rainwater far from your residence's structure using the downspouts at each corner of the residence.




guttering newcastleguttering newcastle


This can cause mold growth as well as damage to your structure - guttering newcastle. Standing water in the seamless gutters. A supported rain gutter does not have anywhere for the water to go yet rest stationary in the seamless gutter itself. This can trigger rusting and also various other damage to the rain gutters in addition to supply a perfect breeding place for rodents as well as insects.




The Facts About Guttering Newcastle Revealed


Try to find water discolorations (a telltale sign of leaks) on the fascia board, his comment is here which is the board that runs along the roofline and fulfills up with your rain gutters. guttering newcastle. These places will be darker than the rest of your home siding considering that they're frequently subjected to water. Peeling paint around the home window frameworks or entrances.


Disintegration to your house's landscape design. If you see puddles developing in your backyard near the house or that the landscaping around your house is cleaning away, it's likely as a result of a trouble with your seamless gutters. If you see any websites of these signs, it's time to act as well as identify how to fix your leaking gutter before more damage is done.

 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15